Non-finites and phrases

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

❤️1. Gerund vs present participle vs past participle and phrases

a)When subject can complete the action of the verb, then present participle should be used otherwise past participle.

b)Participle can be used with "very" and "is" while gerund can be replaced with "it".

c) At the beginning of an extension,"v+ing" is considered as a present participle (adverb).

Ex:Hearing a loud noise,we ran to the window.

Notes: Object of the preposition can't be subject of the finite verb.

❤️2.Without infinitive,all the prepositonal phrase functions as adjective or adverb.

If there are a gerund in a sentence and verbal noun,noun and gerund in option,then order of priority should be; noun➤verbal noun➤gerund

Same as 

Adverbial➤prepositional phrase

Adjective phrase➤prepositional phrase

❤️3.Phrase

A meaningful group of words works as a single part of speech is called phrase

a)Noun phrase:🌺

Two or more noun phrase could be connected by preposition, conjunction and non-finite to make a bigger noun phrase.

Note: A prepositional phrase can't be a noun phrase.

An infinitive could only be a noun phrase when it is used as a subject otherwise it is either adjective or adverb.And,it's called gerundial infinitive.

b)Adjective phrase🌺

Adjective phrase that modifies the noun and it could a preposional phrase or group of adjective words.

c)Adverbial phrase🌺

Adverbial phrase that modifies a verb or whole sentence and it could be a prepositional phrase.

Note:Manner,place,time (mpt) and frequency related prepositional phrases modify verb,so they are adverbial phrase.

D.Adv vs adj phrase confusion🤔

When a preposional phrase comes after verb+a noun, we should see the verb whether refers to physical action or not,if it denotes physical and could be asked with how,when,where and why then it's adverbial phrase otherwise adjective phrase

Ex:(1) I bought the tv 'on the desk'. (Adj)

'Buy' isn't a physical action.

(2) I kept the tv on the desk (adv)

'Keep' is a physical action.

❤️5.Verbal phrase 

A phrase of group of verb+verb or verb+preposiona called verb phrase.

Ex:Look after,look for,etc

❤️6.Nominative absolute

Modify whole sentence same as dangling modifier but it has a subject.

Ex: He being absent,no business was transacted. (Present participle)

The work completed, they left the office. (Past participle)

❤️7.Appositive 

A noun phrase give extra information about the noun it modifies

Ex: My favourite book Romeo Juliet was lost. (Essential)

Mr Rahman,his head teacher of the school,is very strict. (Nonessential)