Voice

Notes by Reazul Razib

Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been done to it.

There are two types of voice:

Active voice.

Passive voice.

Active voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।

Structure:Subject + verb + object.

Example: I do the work.

Passive voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর passive voice হয়।

Structure:Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ subject.

Example: The work is done by me.

Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Rule 1:

a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রুপান্তর হয়।c) মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be verb হয়।

Rule 2:

Indefinite tense:

a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.b) Past indefinite – was, were.c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.

Continuous tense:

a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.b) Past Continuous – was being, were beingc) Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.

Perfect tense:

a) Present Perfect – has been, have been.b) Past Perfect- had been.c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.

Rules of Changing voice

Rule 3:

a) Present indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + am/is/are + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active – I play football.Passive- Football is played by me.Active- They eat rice.Passive- Rice is eaten by them.

b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I am playing football.Passive: football is being played by me.Active: He is eating rice.Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.

c) Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + have been/ has been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: He has eaten rice.Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.Active: I have played football.Passive: Football has been played by me.

d) Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + was/were + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object

Active: I ate rice.Passive: Rice was eaten by me.Active: They played football.Passive: Football were played by them.

e) Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + was being/were being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I was eating rice.Passive: Rice was being eaten by me.Active: They were catching fishes.Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.

f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + had been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I had eaten rice.Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.Active: We had dug the cannel.Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.

g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure: Object এর subject + shall be/will be + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I will eat rice.Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.Active: They will play football.Passive: Football will be played by them.

h) Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I will be eating rice.Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.Active: They will be playing football.Passive: Football will be being

i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + shall have been /will have been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I will have eaten rice.Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.Active: They will have caught the fish.Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.

Rule 4:

May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to এর পরে be + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I may help you.

Passive: You may be helped by me.

Active: You must do the work.

Passive: The work must be done by you.

Active: We ought to obey our teachers.

Passive: Our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.

Active: We are going to open a shop.

Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us

Rules of changing voice : Page 2

Rule 5:

Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form

Active: Close the door.Passive: Let the door be closed.Active: Shut the window.Passive: Let the window be shut.

B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let not + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form

Active: Do not close the door.Passive: Let not the door be closed.Active: Do not shut the window.Passive: Let not the window be shut.

C) Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object.

Active: Let me play football.Passive: Let the football be played by me.Active: Let us sing a song.Passive: let a song be sung by us.Active: let him give the chance.Passive: let the chance be given by him.

D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let not + object এর subject + ever be + verb এর past participle form

Active: Never tell a lie.Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.Active: Never do this.Passive: Let not this ever be done.

E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure: Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb এর পর যে object টি থাকে + be + verb এর past participle form + for + ব্যক্তিবাচক object

Active: Buy me a shirt.Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.Active: Give me a glass of water.Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.

Interrogative sentence

Rule 6:

Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

A) Structure:Interrogative sentence কে Assertive sentence এ রুপান্তর করে নিতে হবে + রুপান্তরিত Assertive sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করতে হবে + এবার রুপান্তরিত passive voice এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হবে + শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। Tense অনুসারে করতে হবে।

Example 1:Active: Have you eaten rice?Assertive: You have eaten rice.Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you.Passive এ রুপান্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?

Example 2:Active: Is he reading a book?Assertive: He is reading a book.Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him.Passive এ রুপান্তর: Is a book being read by him?

Example 3:Active: Did you play football?Assertive: You played football.Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.Passive এ রুপান্তর: Was football played by you?

B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + object এর subject + অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় + verb এর past participle form + ?.

Active: Who is playing football?Passive: BY whom is football being played?Active: Who will help me?Passive: By whom will I be helped?

C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Whom এর পরিবর্তে who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী

Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object +?

Active: Whom did you see on the road?Passive: Who was seen by you on the road?Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?

D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:What + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object +?

Active: What do you want?Passive: What is wanted by you?

Rule 7:

Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + present participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর object.

Active: I saw him playing cricket.Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.Active: I took him for a friend.Passive: He was taken for a friend by me.

Rule 8:

Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal object কে subject এ রুপান্তর করলে ভাল) + verb এর past participle form + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।

Active: I gave him a flower. Passive: He was given a flower by me. Active: He teaches us math. Passive: we are taught English by him.

Rule 9:

Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice পরিবর্তন হয়।

Active: I know that he did the work.Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.Active: He told me that he had done the work.Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.

Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is said দিয়ে passive voice করাই ভাল।

Active: People say that the lion is the king of forest.Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of forest.

Rule 10:

Intransitive verb যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না। তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –

Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + প্রদত্ত preposition + by + subject টির object।

Active: The truck run over the boy.Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.Active: They looked at the poor man.Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.

Rule 11:

Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive voice এর subject হিসেবে হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + Reflexive object বসবে।

Active: He hanged himself.Passive: He was hanged by himself.Active: You killed yourself.Passive: You were killed by yourself.

Rule 12:

Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object/Complementary object বলে।

Structure:নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her) object টি subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + Factitive object + by + subject এর object।

Active: They made me captain.Passive: I was made captain by them.Active: We call him liar.Passive: He is called liar by us.

Rule 13:

Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে।

Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject টির object।

Active: He caught a fish.Passive: A fish was caught by him.Active: You ran a race.Passive: A race was run by you.

Rule 14:

Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle form.

Active: He wants someone to take camera.Passive: He wants camera to be taken.Active: He wants you to write a letter.Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.

Rule 15:

Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + gerund এর পরের object টি + should be + প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে verb এর past participle form বসে।

Active: He suggested giving up smoking.Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.Active: He wanted playing football.Passive: He wanted that football should be played.

Rule 16:

Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive + object object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + infinitive এর পরের + object + should be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle form.

Active: He decided to buy the house.Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.Active: You agreed to sell the house.Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.

Rule 17:

One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + should be + verb এর past participle form

Active: One should take care of one’s education.Passive: Education should be taken care of.Active: One should tell the truth.Passive: Truth should be told.

Sentence

 

Notes by  Reazul Razib

A Sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea or thought.

A sentence has a subject and a predicate.

Sentence are syntactically  and sementically two types.

1.Syntactical sentence

Simple, compound and complex.

2.Sementical sentence

Asserstive,Interrogative,Imperative,Optative and Exclamatory.

Syntactical sentence❤️

a)Simple sentence

It has only one finite verb

b)Compound sentence

It has two clauses and every clause is independent and connected with conjunctions FANBOYS

for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so,however,moreover,therefore,otherwise,not only....but also,Both......and,either.....or,neither....nor,or else.

c)Complex sentece

It has two clauses;one is dependent/subordinate and the other one is independent/principal.

Subordinate clauses are

i)Nominative/noun/appositive clause

ii)Relative/adjective clause

iii)Adverbial clause

Clauses are connected with conjunctions ;

What,which,why,how,when,where,whereas,while, if,if,though,although,till,untill,unless.

Note:🌺

Simple➤comp➤complex

Without > or>if

By > and> after

2.Sementical sentence❤️

a)assertive sentence (বিবৃতি মূলক)🌺

Sub+verb+object+extension+full stop.

b)Interrogative sentence (প্রশ্ন মূলক)🌺

i) W/H words+auxiliary verb+sub+main verb+obj+extension+?

ii)Auxiliary verb+sub+main verb+obj+extension+?

iii)Who+verb+obj+extension+?

c)Imperative sentence (আদেশ সূচক)🌺

i)Verb+obj+ex+full stop.

ii)Let+indirect obj+verb+direct object+ex+full stop.

d)Optative sentence ( দোয়া প্রার্থনা মূলক)🌺

May/wish+sub+verb+obj+ex+full stop.

e)Exclamatory sentence (বিশ্ময় সূচক) 🌺

i)How+adjective+sub+be verb+!

ii)what+a/an+adj+noun+sub+be verb+!

Finite Verb

 Notes by Reazul Razib

There are two type of finite verbs

1)Principal/Lexical verb

2)Auxiliary/Helping verb

1.Principal verb are tow types❤️

i)Transitive

Verbs that have no object.

ii)Intransitive 

Verbs that have objects

a)Mono transitive (a single object)

b)Ditransitive 

A ditransitive verb has a direct object(impersonal noun) and an indirect object (personal noun/pronoun)

More classification of lexical verbs.

1.State verb vs Action verb ❇️

state verb" describes a state of being, thought, or perception, while an "action verb" describes a physical action.

🌺State verb examples: "know," "believe," "love," "hate," "own," "understand," "seem," "appear" 

Generally cannot be used in continuous tenses (e.g., "I am knowing" is incorrect) 

 🌺Action verb examples: "run," "walk," "eat," "sleep," "jump," "talk," "write" 

It could be used in a continuous tense.

E.G. I'm running

2.Eragative verbs❇️

Verbs that have both transitive and intransitive forms.

I closed the door.

The door closed

3.Causative verb❇️

Verbs that used to cause someone to do something.

Causative verbs are

let, allow, permit, make, force, require, get, have, help, and keep.

I will make you wash my shoes.

4.Factative verb❇️

A factitive verb is a verb that indicates an action that results in a change or creation.

For example, "paint" and "make" are factitive verbs in the sentences "I painted it red" and "They made her captain". 

Examples of factitive verbs: 

elect, appoint, choose, deem, assign, name, select, judge, designate, and nominate.

Note: Factitive verbs have direct objects and object complements. 

5.Linking/Copulative verb✳️

A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject of a sentence to more information about it.

Linking verbs do not show action, but rather describe the subject as a complement.

Examples of linking verbs: 

Be verb: "She is intelligent"

Seem: "He seems confident"

Become: "She became a doctor"

Look: "He looks tired"

Feel: "I feel happy"

Sound: "The music sounds soothing"

Remain: "He remains calm under pressure"

Grow: "The plants grow quickly in the sunlight".

6.Cognate verb❇️

A cognate verb is a verb that uses its noun form as an object. The noun form is called a cognate object.

He dreamt a dream.

He slept a sound sleep

2.Auxiliary verb❤️

Verbs that help lexical verbs in sentence.

A)Primary Auxiliary

i)Have verb

Have/has/had

i)Do verb

Do/does/did

iii)Be verb

Am,is,are,was,were,shall be,will be,etc

B)Modal Auxiliary

Shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,ought to,have to,has to,need to,dare to,be going to,had better,needn't,daren't.

Note: dare/need+not=modal verb

Adverb

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

1 Adverbs Of Manner

Adverbs of manner are words that describe how an action is performed. They provide more information about the way something happens, adding details to verbs. 

Eg. Sheila sang beautifully during the concert, mesmerizing the audience with her melodious voice.

2 Adverbs Of Time

Adverbs of time are words or phrases that provide information about when an action takes place. They indicate specific points in time or time intervals in relation to the action being described. These adverbs help establish the timing of events and actions in a sentence, providing context and helping readers understand the temporal aspect of the narrative.

Eg. She will arrive shortly to pick up the package.

3 Adverbs Of Place

Adverbs of place are words or phrases that provide information about the location or position of an action or event. They help to describe where the action is happening, whether it's indoors, outdoors, nearby, far away, or in a specific direction. 

Eg. She looked everywhere for her lost keys.

4 Adverbs Of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are words or phrases that provide information about how often an action or event takes place. They convey the regularity or repetition of an action, whether it occurs frequently, occasionally, rarely, always, or never.

Eg. She exercises daily to maintain her fitness.

5 Adverbs Of Degree

Adverbs of degree express the intensity, extent, or level of an action, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. They modify these elements to convey how much or to what degree something is happening or is true. 

Eg. She was extremely delighted with the surprise party.

6 Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs are transitional words or phrases that connect and relate ideas within sentences or between sentences. They act as bridges, helping to clarify relationships like cause-and-effect, contrast, comparison, or sequence. They're often used to create smoother transitions and provide context for the reader to understand how different ideas connect.

Eg. She wanted to go to the party; however, she was feeling unwell.

7 Focusing Adverbs

Focusing adverbs are words that emphasise or highlight a specific part of a sentence, drawing attention to a particular aspect. They provide added emphasis, often narrowing down or intensifying the meaning of the verb, adjective, or adverb they modify.

Eg. She specifically asked for a vegan option at the restaurant.

8 Interrogative Adverbs

Interrogative adverbs are like question starters in sentences. They introduce questions that seek information about different aspects of an action or event. They help clarify the context of a question by indicating what specific detail is being inquired about.

Eg. Where did you find that rare book?

Relative Adverbs

Relative adverbs are words that connect a main clause to a dependent (or relative) clause. They provide additional information about the nouns in the main clause, clarifying aspects like place, time, reason, or manner.

Eg. I visited the park where we used to play as children.

Note: It is not an adverbial clause because it(where) modifies the noun (the park) not verb (visited)

Adjective

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

1.Types of adjective❤️

A)Descriptive adjectives 

Describe or express the quality of a noun or pronoun

B)Interrogative adjectives 

Modify a noun or pronoun by asking a question

Examples include "what", "which", and "whose"

C)Demonstrative adjectives 

Identify a noun or pronoun by expressing its position as near or far

D)Possessive adjectives 

Show ownership or possession

Examples include "my", "your", "his", "her", "our", "their", and "its"

E)Proper adjectives 

Derived from a proper noun and are therefore capitalized

Examples include words for nationalities

F)Compound adjectives 

Two or more adjectives that work together as one to modify a noun or pronoun

Examples include "soft-spoken" and "well-known"

G)Numeral adjectives 

Give us the idea about how many persons or things are meant, or in what order the noun stands

H)Superlative adjectives 

Indicate different degrees or levels of a quality or characteristic

2.Order of adjective❤️

In English, the order of adjectives is usually determined by the order of DOSA-SCOMP: 

D: Determiner

O: Opinion

S: Size

A: Age

S: Shape

C: Color

O: Origin

M: Material

P: Purpose

Examples 

"My favorite big old square white French cotton gardening hat"

"A beautiful, mysterious song"

Pronoun

 Notes by Reazul Razib

1.Personal/impersonal pronoun

E.g I,you,we,he,she,they, (it)

2.Demonstrative pronoun

E.g That,Those,this,these,such

3.Distributive Pronoun

E.g Each,either,neither

4.Interrogative pronoun

E.g what, which, who, whom, and whose

5.Indefinite Pronoun

E.g Anyone,Everyone,Any,Each,Nobody,Both,Either,None,One,Another,Anything,Few,Someone,Many,Some

6.Intensive/Emphatic Pronoun

E.G Myself,herself,yourself

I did it myself

7.Possessive Pronoun

Mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its,Rahims's

8.Relative Pronoun

E.g which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and 

9.Reflexive Pronoun

E.gMyself,herself,himself,yourself

He killed himself

10.Reciprocal Pronoun

E.g One another,each other

Sub➤obj➤poss. Adj➤poss. Pro➤reflexive.

I-me-my-mine-myself

You-you-your-yours-yoursefYou-you-your-yours-yoursef/yourselves

Thou-thee-thy-thine-thyself

She-her-her-hers-herself

He-him-his-his -himself

It-it-its-its-itself

One-one-one's-one's-oneself

Karim-Karim-Karim's-Karim's-Karim

Who-whom-whose-whose-whom

Structure:

Sub+verb+obj

Possessive Adjective+noun/gerund

Cases

Notes by Reazul Razib

Case is determined by the syntactic or semantic function of a noun or pronoun. 

There are four types of case.

1.Nominative/subjective case

Ex: Rahim,Rahima,I,you,we,they,she,it.

2.Objective case

a)Accusative/direct object 

(impersonal noun)

Ex:The book,footbal,the pen

b)Dative/indirect object

(personal pronoun)

Ex:Rahim,Rahima,me,you,us,them,him,

her,it.

3.Genitive/Possessive case

a)Possessive adjective

Ex:My,your,our,their,her,his,its,Rahim's.

b)Possessive pronoun

Ex: Mine,yours,hers,his,its,Rahim's

4.Vocative case

Rahim,come here.