Land Related

 

✳️Imperial method

8 soot=1 inch

12 inc =1 foot

❇️Matric method 

10 mm=1cm

100cm=1 m

1000 m =1k.m

❇️1)বর্গ ফুট = দৈর্ঘ্য ✘ প্রস্থ

2)সোজা কাঠ cft/kb =(দৈর্ঘ্য ×প্রস্থ×উচ্চতা)÷১৪৪

3)গোল কাঠ 

{গড় পরিধি×গড় পরিধি (ইঞ্চি)×দৈর্ঘ্য (ফুট)}÷২৩০৪

✳️1)চতুর্ভুজ জমি

বর্গ ফুট = (দৈর্ঘ্য ✘ প্রস্থ) ÷একক

তবে পরুমাপ ভিন্ন হলে গড় বের করতে হবে।

2)ত্রিভুজ জমি

✔{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

S মানে গড়

✳️একক

১ কড়া = ২১৬ বর্গফুট

১ শতাংশ = ৪৩৫ বর্গফুট

১ কাঠা= ৭২০ বর্গফুট

১ ছটাক= ৪৫ বর্গফুট

১ কাঠা= ১.৬৫ শতাংশ

২০ কাঠা= ১বিঘা

৬০.৫ কাঠা= ১ একর

১ বিঘা= ১৪,৪০০ বর্গফুট

১ বিঘা= ৩৩ শতাংশ

১ একর= ১০০ শতাংশ।

১ কানি = ১৬,৯৯০ বর্গফুট।

১ কানি = ৩৯ শতাংশ।

১ কানি = ২৩.৫ কাঠা।

১ কানি = ২০ গন্ডা।

১ গন্ডা = ২ শতাংশ

১ গন্ডা = ১.২১ কাঠা

✳️ নলের হিসাব

১ নল = ৭/৮/১২ হাত (এলাকা ভেদে)

১ হাত = সমান ১৮ ইঞ্চি বা ১.৫ ফুট।

১ শতাংশ = ১৯৩.৬ বর্গহাত

১ কাঠা = ৩২০ বর্গহাত

বিঃদ্রঃ এখানেও বর্গের হিসাব।

✳️টিনের হিসাব

৭২ ফুট = ১ বান

প্রস্থ বিভিন্ন ধরনের হতে পারে

টিনের চাল

২৪ দৈর্ঘ্য+১৪ প্রস্থ= ৩৮ ফিট= ৩৮ x ১২ (ইঞ্চ) =৪৫৬ ইঞ্চি

টিনের প্রস্থ ৩২ ইঞ্চি, তিন ইঞ্চি বাদ দিলাম। তাই ২৯ দিয়ে ভাগ করবো।

৪৫৬ ইঞ্চি/২৯ ইঞ্চি = ১৫.৭২ টি টিন

মোট টিন লাগবে= ১৫.৭২x২= ৩১.৪৪ টি টিন

৯ ফুটের এক বান টিন = ৭২/৯=৮ টি টিন

মোট টিন লাগবে ৩১.৪৪/৮ = ৩.৯৩ বান টিন=৪ বান টিন

Tense

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

কোন কাজ সম্পাদনের সময়কে tense বা কাল বলে। Tense দ্বারা সময়কে উল্লেখ করা হয় এবং যা বর্তমান, অতীত কিংবা ভবিষ্যত হতে পারে।

Example:-

 I eat rice. (present)

I ate rice. (past)

I will eat rice. (future)

Tense প্রধানত তিন প্রকার

Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল)

Past Tense (অতীতকাল)

Future Tense (ভবিষ্যত কাল)

আবার প্রত্যেকটি Tense কে ৪ ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়েছে।

✴️Indefinite Tense

✴️ Continuous Tense

✴️ Perfect Tense

✴️ Perfect Continuous Tense

1.Present Tense❤️

Present Indefinite Tense:🌺

Present indefinite tense denotes an action in the present time or habitual truth or eternal truth.

কোন কাজ বর্তমানে হয় বোঝালে বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য বোঝালে বা চিরসত্য বোঝালে Present Indefinite Tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + Main Verb + Object.

Example:- আমি ভাত খাই – I eat rice.- আমি স্কুলে যাই – I go to school.

সে প্রতিদিন স্কুলে যায় – He goes to school every day.

তুমি বই পড় – You read a book.

সে প্রতিদিন রাত দশ টায় ঘুমাতে যায় 

He goes to bed at ten pm every day.

সূর্য পূর্ব দিকে উদিত হয় – The sun rises in the East.

পানি শূন্য ডিগ্রি সেন্ট্রিগ্রেডে জমাট বাধে Water freezes at 0° centegrade.

Note - Subject third person singular number (he, she, it, কোন ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, জায়গা বা প্রাণীর নাম) বোঝালে verb এর শেষে s বা es বসে।

Present Continious Tense 🌺

Present continious tense is used when an action is continiued or going to be continued in near future.

বর্তমানে কোন কাজ চলছে বা নিকট ভবিষ্যতে চলবে এরূপ বোঝালে present continuous tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + be verb (number ও person অনুযায়ী বসবে) + verb + ing + object.

Example:- আমি ভাত খাইতেছি – I am eating rice.- আমি স্কুলে যাইতেছি – I am going to school.- সে স্কুলে যাইতেছে – He is going to school.- তুমি/ তোমরা বই পড়িতেছ – You are reading book.- আমি আজ রাতে ঢাকা যাব – I am going to Dhaka tonight. (Near future)- আপনি কি আজ বিকালে মীটিং এ আসছেন – Are you coming to the meeting this afternoon? (Near future)

Note - I এর পর am বসবে। He, She, it এবং অন্যসব third person singular number এর পর is বসবে। We, you, they এবং Plural subject এর শেষে are বসে।

Present Perfect Tense 🌺

Present perfect tense is used when the work has been done but its effect lasts.

কোন কাজ শেষ হয়েছে অথচ তার ফল এখনও বর্তমান আছে (অপ্রকাশিত), এরূপ বোঝালে Present perfect tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + have/has + past participle + object.

Example:- আমি ভাত খাইয়াছি – I have eaten rice.- আমি স্কুলে গিয়েছি – I have gone to school.- সে স্কুলে গিয়েছি – He has gone to school.- আমি ভাত খাইনি – I have not eaten rice.- তারা/তাহারা কাজটি করিয়াছে – They have done the work.- সে ঘণ্টার পর ঘণ্টা পড়েছে – He/she has studied for hours.- তারা এইমাত্র ফুটবল খেলিয়াছে - They have just played football.- সে এইমাত্র ফুটবল খেলিয়াছে – He has just played football.

Note - Subject third person singular number (he, she, it কোন ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, জায়গা বা প্রাণীর নাম) বোঝালে has বসবে । I, we, you, they এবং অন্যসব plural subject এর শেষে have বসবে।

Present Perfect Continuous Tense🌺

The present perfect continuous tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing.

কোন কাজ পূর্বে আরম্ভ হয়ে এখনও চলছে এরূপ বোঝালে Present perfect continuous tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + has been/have been + main verb + ing + since/from/for + object.

Example:- আমি দুই দিন ধরে কাজটি করিতেছি – I have been doing this work for two days.- সে দুই ঘণ্টা যাবৎ পড়িতেছে – He has been reading for two hours. (নির্দিষ্ট সময়)- সে সকাল থেকে পড়িতেছে– He has been reading since mourning.- সে তিন বছর যাবৎ এই স্কুলে পড়িতেছে – He/She has been reading in this school for three years.- ছেলেবেলা হতে সে এখানে বাস করিতেছে – He has been living here from his boyhood.- ফাহিম গত সোমবার হইতে জ্বরে ভুগিতেছে – Fahim has been suffering from fever since sunday last.

Note - Subject third person singular number (he, she, it কোন ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, জায়গা বা প্রাণীর নাম) বোঝালে has been বসবে । I, we, you, they এবং অন্যসব plural subject এর শেষে have been বসবে।

Note - এক্ষেত্রে since ব্যাবহার হবে শুধুমাত্র point of time (past tense) এর ক্ষেত্রে।দিন কিংবা বার এর ক্ষেত্রে since or from হয়।সব tense এর ক্ষেত্রে from ব্যাবহার করা যায়।অনেক বেশি সময় এর ক্ষেত্রে, কোন ব্যাক্তিগত ক্ষেত্রে from ব্যাবহার হয়।Period of time এর ক্ষেত্রে অর্থাৎ কোন নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি বোঝাতে for ব্যাবহার হয়।

2.Past Tense ❤️

Past Indefinite Tense 🌺

Past Indefinite Tense is used to denote an action completed in the past or a past habit and result is not present anymore .

অতীত কালের কোন কাজ বোঝাতে বা অতীতের কোন অভ্যাস বোঝাতে, যার ফল এখন আর বিদ্যমান নেই তাকে Past Indefinite Tense বলে।

Structure:Subject + past form of main verb + object.

Example:- আমি ভাত খাইয়াছিলাম/খেয়েছিলাম – I ate rice.- আমি স্কুলে গেছিলাম/গিয়েছিলাম – I went to school.- সে স্কুলে গেছিলো/গিয়েছিল – He went to school.- তুমি/ তোমরা কাজটি করেছিলে/করিয়াছিলে- You did the work.- তার ছেলেবেলা লন্ডনেকেটেছিল – He spent his boyhood in London.- লুনা একটি গান গেয়েছিল – Luna sang a song.- সে ফুটবল খেলেছিল – He played football.

Note - Past indefinite tense যুক্ত কোন sentence এ যদি main verb না থাকে তাহলে সেখানে be verb ই main verb হিসেবে ব্যাবহার হবে।

Past Continuous Tense🌺

Past continuous tense is used when the action was continued for some time in the past.

অতীতকালে কোন কাজ কিছুক্ষণ ধরে চলছিল এরূপ বোঝালে Past continuous tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + was/were + main verb + ing + object.

Example:- আমি ভাত খাইতেছিলাম/খাচ্ছিলাম – I was eating rice.- সে স্কুলে যাইতেছিল/যাচ্ছিল – He was going to school.- তারা ফুটবল খেলিতেছিল/খেলছিল – They were playing football.- গতকাল সন্ধায় সে ঢাকা যাইতেছিল – He was going to Dhaka last evening.- আমি একা একা গান গাইতেছিলাম – I was singing song alone.

Note - subject first person and third person singular number হলে was বসবে। we, you, they এবং অন্যান্য plural number এর শেষে were বসবে।

Past Perfect Tense 🌺

Past perfect tense is used in the former action between two completed actions of the past; simple past is used in the later action.

অতীত কালে দুটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়ে থাকলে তাদের মধ্যে যেটি আগে ঘটেছিল তা Past perfect tense হয় এবং যেটি পরে হয়েছিল তা simple past tense হয়।

Structure:1st subject + had + verb এর past participle + 2nd subject + verb এর past form +2nd object.

Example:- আমি ভাত খাওয়ার পূর্বে সে বাড়ি আসল – He had come home before I ate rice.- আমি স্কুলে যাওয়ার পূর্বে সে মারা গেল – He had died before I went to school.- ঘণ্টা পড়ার পূর্বে তারা স্টেশনে পৌঁছল – They had reached the station before the bell rang.- ডাক্তার আসিবার পূর্বে রোগীটি মারা গেল – The patient had died before the doctor came.- ডাক্তার আসিবার পরে রোগীটি মারা গেল – The doctor had come before the patient died.- বিছানায় শুতে যাবার পূর্বে আমি দরজাটা বন্ধ করিলাম – I had shut the door before I got into bed.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense🌺

Past perfect continuous tense is used for an action that begun before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time.

অতীতকালে কোন কাজ কোন বিশেষ সময়ের পূর্বে আরম্ভ হয়ে সেই সময় পর্যন্ত চলছিল বোঝালে Past perfect continuous tense হয়। এখানে যদি দুটি ক্রিয়া উল্লেখ থাকে তাহলে যে কাজটি আগে চলছিল তা Past perfect continuous tense হয়।

Structure:

1st subject + had been + main verb + ing + 1st object + 2nd subject + verb এর past form + 2nd object.

Example:- সে যখন আসিল তখন আমি ভাত খাইতেছিলাম – I had been eating rice when he came.- ঘণ্টা পড়ার পূর্বে আমরা খেলিতেছিলাম – We had been playing before the bell rang.- আমি যখন তার সাথে দেখা করতে গেলাম তখন সে বই পরিতেছিল – He had been reading book when I went to met with him/her.- তুমি যখন তোমার বন্ধুর বাড়িতে গিয়েছিলে তখন তোমার মা তোমার জন্য অপেক্ষা করিতেছিল – Your mother had been waiting for you when you went to your friend’s home.সে যখন খেলা দেখছিল তখন আমি ঘুমিতেছিলাম – I had been sleeping when he saw the game.

3.Future Tense ❤️

Future Indefinite Tense🌺

Future indefinite tense is used when an action will be done or will happen in future.

ভবিষ্যতে কোন কাজ ঘটবে এরূপ বোঝালে Future indefinite tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + shall/will + verb + object

Example:- আমি কাজটি করিব- I will/shall do the work.- তারা কাজটি করিবে- They will/shall do the work.- আমি বিদ্যালয়ে যাব(যাবই)- I shall go to the school.- সে বিদ্যালয়ে যাবে(যাবেই)- He will go to the school.- তারা বাজারে যাইবে(যাবে) – They will go to the market.

Note - সাধারনত 1st person এর পর shall বসতে পারে। এছাড়া অন্য সব ক্ষেত্রে will বসে।

Future Continuous Tense🌺

Future continuous tense is used when an action is thought to be going on in the future.

ভবিষ্যৎ কালে কোন কাজ চলতে থাকবে এরূপ বোঝালে Future continuous tense হয়।

Structure:Subject + shall be/will be + main verb + ing + object.

Example:- আমি বইটি পড়িতে থাকিব – I shall be reading the book.- আমি গান গাইতে থাকিব- I shall be singing the song.- তারা ফুটবল খেলিতে থাকিবে- They will be playing football.- সে কাজটি করিতে থাকিবে- He will be doing the work.- তুমি/ তোমরা স্কুলে যাইতে থাকিবে- they will be going to school.- তিনি অফিসে যাইতে থাকিবেন- He will be going to office.

Future Perfect Tense 🌺

Future perfect tense is used to indicate the completion of an action by a certain time in the future.

ভবিষ্যৎ কালে কোন নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে কোন কাজ হয়ে যাবে বোঝালে বা দুটি কাজের মধ্যে একটি আগে হবে বোঝালে Future perfect tense হয়।

ভবিষ্যৎ কালের দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যে কাজটি আগে হবে তা Future perfect tense হয় এবং পরেরটা simple present tense হয়।

Structure:1st subject + shall have/will have + verb এর past participle + 1st object + before + 2nd subject + main verb + 2nd object.

Example:- বাবা আসার আগে আমি কাজটি করিয়া থাকিব - I shall have done the work before my father comes.- আমি বিকাল চারটার মধ্যে বইটি পড়িয়া থাকিব – I shall have finished reading the book by 4. P. m.- তুমি যাওয়ার পূর্বে আমি গান গাইয়া থাকিব- I shall have sang a song before you leave.- তারা আসার পূর্বে আমি পরা শেষ করিব – I shall have finished my lesson before they come.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense🌺

Future perfect tense is used when an action will have been continuing by a certain future time.

ভবিষ্যৎ কালে কোন সময়ের মধ্যে কোন কাজ চলতে থাকবে এরূপ বোঝালে future perfect tense হয়।

ভবিষ্যৎ কালে দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যে কাজটি আগে চলতে থাকবে তা future perfect tense হয় যে কাজটি পরে হবে তা simple present tense হয়।

Structure:

Subject – 1st subject + shall have been/will have been + main verb + ing + 1st object + 2nd subject + main verb + 2nd object.

Example:- তুমি ফিরে না আসা পর্যন্ত আমরা তোমার জন্য অপেক্ষা করতে থাকব- we shall have been waiting for you until you come back.- বাবা আসার আগে আমি কাজটি করিতে থাকিব- I shall have been doing the work before my father comes.- তারা আসার আগে আমি খেলিতে থাকিব- I shall have been playing before they come.- সে ডিগ্রি পাওয়ার পূর্বে চার বছর ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পড়তে থাকবে – he will have been studying at Dhaka university for four years before he gets degree.

Article

 

Notes byReazul Razib

Article শুরু করার আগে জানতে হবে ইংরেজী ২৬ টি বর্ণের ৫ টিকে বলে vowel (a,e,i,o এবং u) এবং বাকি ২১ টিকে বলে consonant.

Vowel মানে স্বরবর্ণ

Consonant মানে ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ

তবে W এবং Y কে semi-vowel বলা হয় কারণ তারা কোন শব্দের শেষে আসলে vowel sound দেয়।

যেমন Glow,Try...

Articles

A, an এবং the কে Article বলে।

Article দুই প্রকার।

Indefinite Article and

Definite Article.

Indefinite Article:

A এবং an কে Indefinite Article বলে কারন তারা কোন অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী বা বস্তুকে বুঝায়। সচরাচর singular countable noun এর পূর্বে A অথবা an বসে।

Example- He has a pen.- I bought a book.- This is an elephant.- He took an apple.

Definite Article

The কে definite Article বলে কারন ইহা কোন নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী বা বস্তুকে বুঝায়।

Example-I saw the bird.- I read the book.- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

Use of A and An

1. সাধারণত consonant এর পূর্বে a এবং vowel (a, e, i, o, u) এর পূর্বে an বসে।যেমন – a hen, a book, a pen, an apple, an egg, an orange.

তবে vowel letter এর উচ্চারণ যদি consonant sound এর মত এবং consonant letter এর উচ্চারণ যদি vowel এর মত হয় তবে সেই sound অনুযায়ী article হবে।

2. শব্দের শুরুতে যদি h থাকে এবং h এর উচ্চারণ h এর মত হলে তার পূর্বে a বসে। কিন্তু h এর উচ্চারণ o বা অন্য কোন উচ্চারণ হলে তার পূর্বে an বসে।যেমন- a horse, a historian, an honest man, an hour.

3. শব্দের শুরুতে যদি Vowel থাকে এবং তার উচ্চারণ যদি u এর মত হয় তাহলে তার পূর্বে a বসে।যেমন- a ewe, a European, a uniform, a university, a useful metal.

4. O দিয়ে গঠিত শব্দের পূর্বে an বসে। শুধুমাত্র one শব্দের পূর্বে a বসে।যেমন- an open field, an open heart surgery, an opera, an orange, a one taka note, a one eyed man.

5. সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ অর্থাৎ abbreviation এর প্রথম অক্ষর vowel এর মত উচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে an বসে। কিন্তু abbreviation এর প্রথম অক্ষর consonant এর মত উচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে a বসে।যেমন- an M.B.B.S, an F.C.P.S, an M.A, a B.A, a B.SC.

Other uses of A and An

1. এক জাতীয় সকল singular common noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।যেমন- A tiger is a dangerous animal; An ant is an industrious insect.

2. একজন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বুঝালে তার পূর্বে a/an বসে।যেমন- He bought an orange, He lives in a tiny room.

3. সমজাতীয় কিছু(the same, the certain) ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে singular common noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।যেমন- Birds of a feather flock together.- Criminals are of a (the same) character.- There lived a farmer.

4. Preposition অর্থে কখনো কখনো a ব্যবহৃত হয়। এরূপ a কে disguised preposition বলে।যেমন- He went a (on) fishing, She went a (on) shopping.

5. Few, little, good many, lot of, great many, good deal, ইত্যাদি plural noun এর পূর্বে a /an বসে। মাঝে মাঝে many এর পরে a /an বসে।Example- I have a few friends here.- The library has a lot of books.- The rich man has a good deal with money- Many a man was present in the meeting.

6. সংখ্যাবাচক শব্দ- dozen, hundred, thousand, million, couple, score, ইত্যাদির পূর্বে a বসে।

7. Exclamation অর্থাৎ what, how, why, ইত্যাদির পরে a বসে।- What a beautiful lady!- How nice a bird!

8. Singular common noun – quite, many, rather, but, more এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।- He is rather a gentleman.- You are but a child.

9. Mr./Mrs./Miss এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।- A Mr. Ashik called in his house.- A Mrs. Habiba sought his help.

Articles (Use and Omission):

Omission of a/an:

1. খাবারের (meals) পূর্বে a/an বসে না। তবে খাবারের (meals) পূর্বে adjective বসলে a/an বসে.

Incorrect- We have a dinner at 8.00 pm.Correct- We have dinner at 8.00 pm.

Incorrect- We had good breakfast yesterday.Correct- We had a good breakfast yesterday.

2. Plural noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে না।- Birds are beautiful.- Cows are useful.

3. Uncountable noun হিসেবে গণ্য যেমন – advice, information, news, baggage, water, milk, oil, tea, paper, ইত্যাদি এর পূর্বে a/an বসে না।- He gave me some information.- We take tea.- He drinks water.

তবে পরিমাপ করা যায় এমন কিছু measure words থাকলে তার পূর্বে a/an বসে।যেমন – Give me a glass of water.

Use of definite article:

নির্দিষ্ট করে বুঝায় এমন common noun এর singular ও plural উভয় number এর পূর্বে the বসে।- The boy is reading.- The girl is singing.

এক জাতীয় সকলকে বুঝাতে singular common noun এর পূর্বে the বসে।- The cow gives us milk.- The rose is beautiful flower.

মানবজাতি man and women এর পূর্বে the বসে না।Incorrect – The man is mortal.Correct - Man is mortal.

নদী, সাগর, উপসাগর, পর্বতশ্রেণী, দীপপুঞ্জ, জাহাজ ইত্যাদি নামের পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – The Andamans, The Himalayas, The Titanic.

ধর্মগ্রন্থ ও পত্রিকার নামের পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – The holy Quran, The Daily sun.

একক বস্তু – পৃথিবী, চন্দ্র, সূর্য, পূর্ব, পশ্চিম, উত্তর, দক্ষিন ইত্যাদি নামের পূর্বে the বসে।The sun, The earth, The moon.

বর্ণনামূলক বা অর্থপূর্ণ নামের পূর্বে the বসে।- The U.S.A, the panjab.

তারিখের নামের পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন - The 10th March.

জাতি ও সম্প্রদায়ের নামের পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – The rich, The poor, The Muslims.

Superlative degree তে adjective এর পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – He is the best boy in the class.

Material noun এর পূর্বে the বসে না। তবে নির্দিষ্ট স্থানের বা প্রকারের বুঝালে the বসে।যেমন – The Diamond of Africa is famous.

Proper noun এর পূর্বে adjective থাকলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – The great Akbar was a mighty ruler.

বংশ বা পরিবারের পরিচয়জ্ঞাপক নাম plural হলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – The khans, The Pathans.

সংখ্যা প্রকাশক word যদি unit অর্থে বসে তাহলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – Eggs are sold by the dozens.

Musical instrument এর পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – I can’t play the Guitar. The cowboy can play the flute well.

কোন কোন যন্ত্র এবং আবিস্কারের পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – Markoni invented the radio. The bicycles is an easy means of transport.

Singular designation এর পূর্বে the বসে।যেমন – The president, The Prime Minister, The headmaster.

Omission of definite article:

বিখ্যাত গ্রন্থের লেখকের নাম গ্রন্থের পূর্বে থাকলে the বসে না। কিন্তু লেখকের নাম পূর্বে না থাকলে the বসে।যেমন – The Gitanjoli of Robindranath.

রাস্তা, এভিনু, স্কয়ার, পার্কের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – He is going to park.

ভাষার নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – Bangla is our mother lsnguge. English is an international language.

কিন্তু ভাষার নামের পরে language শব্দ টা উল্লেখ থাকলে the বসে।যেমন – The English language is international.

হ্রদের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – Lake Superior, Lake Baikal, Lake Caspian.

দিন বা মাসের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – Friday is holyday.

রোগের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – Fever has broken out in the home.

Allah or God এর নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – Allah has created us.

শরীরের অঙ্গ-প্রতঙ্গ এবং পোশাক- পরিচ্ছেদ ইত্যাদির পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – Raise your right hand. Put off your shirt.

ভ্রমন সম্পর্কিত যানবাহন বা ভ্রমন পথের পূর্বে the বসে না।যেমন – by bus, by train, by launch.

Tag Question

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

Tag Question এর সাধারনত ৩ টি উপাদান থাকে, এগুলো হল: ১) Auxiliary Verb (সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া), ২) not/n’t (না বোধক) এবং ৩) Subject Word এর Pronoun

Auxiliary Verb এর সাথে Not এর ব্যবহার

Tag question গঠণে Auxiliary verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।  Negative Tag question-এ Auxiliary verb গুলোর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ (contraction)ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ

am + not = aren’t/ain’t

is + not = isn’t

are + not = aren’t

do + not = don’t

does + not = doesn’t

did + not = didn’t

was + not = wasn’t

were + not = weren’t

shall + not = shan’t

would + not = wouldn’t

should + not = shouldn’t

could + not = couldn’t

may + not = mayn’t

might + not = mightn’t

had + not = hadn’t

must + not = mustn’t

need + not = needn’t

ought + not = oughtn’t

Example: He must do this, mustn’t he?

সাধারণত positive বা  affirmative statement -এ negative tag এবং negative statement -এ affirmative tag ব্যবহৃত হয়। সেই সাথে statement এর শেষে comma (,) এবং tag question এর শেষে প্রশ্ন বোধক (?) চিহ্ন বসে।

Positive Statement: She knows you, Negative Tag: doesn’t he?

Negative Statement: She does not know you, Positive Tag: does she?

1. Primary Auxiliary verb do, does, did, am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had যোগে গঠিত কিছু Tag Question নিম্নে আলোচনা করা হলঃ

I am a student, aren’t I?

She didn’t go there, did she?

You have done it, haven’t you?

They were playing football, weren’t they?

He had gone there, hadn’t he?

He is not a teacher, is he?

2.  Auxiliary verb যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence-এ isn’t/ aren’t/ wasn’t/ weren’t বসে। আবার মূল Verb যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence এর শেষে don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে। এক্ষেত্রে Statement এ Subject Noun হলে Tag-এ Subject এর Pronounবসে। যেমনঃ

How beautiful the picture is, isn’t it?

How nicely the bird sings, doesn’t it?

3.  Model Auxiliary Verb (may, dare, might, can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, need etc.) যোগে গঠিত Tag Question:

We may fail at first, mayn’t we?

You must have heard the name of Jalaluddin Rumi, mustn’t you?

None could prosper in life without utilizing time, could he?

I shall do that, shan’t I?

4.  Exclamatory Sentence-এর Subject এবং Verb উহ্য থাকলে, সেক্ষেত্রে Sentence বুঝে Subject ও Verb ধরে নিয়ে Tag গঠন করতে হয়।

What an idea!, isn’t it?

What a pity, isn’t it?

5.  What/ how দ্বারা Exclamatory Sentence-এর Subject এবং  Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question করতে হয়।

What a beautiful garden it is!, isn’t it?

How beautiful the picture is!, isn’t it?

6.  Statement-এ যদি need/needs Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে সেক্ষেত্রে Tag Question-এ need/needs এর পরিবর্তে don’t/doesn’t ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ

I need a notebook, don’t I?

She needs a piano, doesn’t she?

7.  Imperative Statement এর মাধ্যমে যদি কোন advice বা order বুঝায় সেক্ষেত্রে Tag হিসাবে will you/won’t you ব্যবহৃত হয়। Request বুঝালে can you/could you ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Do not go there, will you?

Open the door, will you?

Do not tell a lie, will you?

NOTE: won’t you ব্যবহার না করায় ভাল।

8.  Let’s/Let us যুক্ত Imperative Statement যদি  Proposal বুঝায় তাহলে Tag Question হিসাবে shall we ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ

Let us have a discussion, shall we?

Let’s help the poor, shall we?

Let us go for a walk, shall we?

9.  Let him/her/they/Arman দিয়ে যখন কোন কিছু করার অনুমতি ব্যক্ত করা হয় তখন Tag Question এ will you ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ

Let Arman take a decision, will you?

Let her do the work, will you?

10.  There is/ there are/ there was/ there were দ্বারা সূচিত Statement এর ক্ষেত্রে Tag Question হিসেবে is there/isn’t there, are there/aren’t there, wasn’t there, weren’t there বসে। যেমনঃ

There is something wrong with him, isn’t there?

There are three big rooms in our school library, aren’t there?

11.  It is/ It was/ It has দ্বারা সূচিত Statement-এর ক্ষেত্রে Tag Question হিসাবে is it/ isn’t it, was it/wasn’t i, has it/hasn’t it বসে।

Yes, it is our duty to study in a disciplined way, isn’t it?

It is fairly a recent invention, isn’t it?

12.  Complex Sentence-এ Principal Clause-এর Subject ও verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question গঠন করতে হয়।

If you come, I will go, won’t I?

He said that he would do the work, didn’t he?

13.  Compound Sentence-এ সাধারণত 2nd Clause-এর Subject ও Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question করতে হয়। যেমনঃ 

Jony is dishonest but his sister is honest, isn’t she?

Rahim is short but his brother is tall, isn’t he?

14.  As well as, and not, with, together with, along with, accompanied by, in addition to, rather then ইত্যাদি দ্বারা দুটি Noun/Pronoun যুক্ত হলে ১ম Subject অনুযায়ী Tag Question হবে।

He as well as his friends has done the work, hasn’t he?

15.  Not only……but also, Not…….but, Either……..or, neither………nor ও or দ্বারা দুটি Subject যুক্ত হলে 2nd Subject অনুযায়ী Tag Question-এর Subject হয়। 

Not only Rafik but also His friends are Fond of football, aren’t they?

16.  Everybody/anybody/everyone/ nobody/someone/ none ইত্যাদি যদি কোন Statement এর Subject হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসাবে they ব্যবহৃত হবে।

Everybody dislikes a liar, don’t they?

Every student wants to do well in the examination, don’t they?

Nobody liked him, did they?

আরও পড়ুন- Gerund and Infinitive ব্যবহারের নিয়ম ও উদাহরণ

17.  Something/ nothing/ anything/ everything ইত্যাদি Statement-এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে it ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Nothing is certain, is it?

Nothing has been finished, has it?

18.  Most of you, all of you, none of you, some of you ইত্যাদি Statement-এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে you ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Most of you know French, don’t you?

All of you know English, don’t you?

19.  Most of them, none of them, all of them Statement subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে they ব্যবহৃত হবে।

Most of them have visited the zoo, haven’t they?

None of them have done the work, have they?

20.  দেশের নাম Subject হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে she ব্যবহৃত হবে।যেমনঃ

Bangladesh is an agricultural country, isn’t she?

Bangladesh has so many rivers, hasn’t she?

21.  Moon, train, ship, river, ferry, earth ইত্যাদি Subject হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে she ব্যবহৃত হবে। যেমনঃ

The earth is round, isn’t she?

The Padma is the largest river in Bangladesh, isn’t she?

22.  Common Gender হিসাবে Singular Noun ব্যবহৃত হলে Subject he বসে।

Man is mortal, isn’t he?

23.  ‍Sentence-এ Subject হিসেবে that, this থাকলে Tag Question-এর Subject it হয়। Subject যদি these those হয় তাহলে Tag Question-এর Subject they হয়।

These are my books, aren’t they?

That was my pencil, wasn’t it?

24.  Complex Sentence-এ 1st Clause-এ hope, believe, think, see ইত্যাদি Verb-এর পর ‘that’ Conjunction-টি উহ্য থাকলে 2nd clause-এর Subject ও Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question গঠন করতে হয়। কিন্ত ‘that’ থাকলে 1st clause-এর Subject ও Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question গঠন করতে হবে।

I believe you will do better in the examination, won’t you?

I believe that you will do better in the examination, don’t I?

25.  Statement-এর শুরতে কোন Adjective-এর পূর্বে the বসে Common Noun হিসেবে বাক্যের Subject রূপে বসলে Tag Question-এর Subject হিসাবে ‘they’ হবে।

The rich are not always happy, are they?

26.  I, you, we এই Pronoun গুলো Proper Noun হিসেবে Sentence-এর Subject হলে Tag Question-এর Subject ‘it’ হবে।

‘You’ is a pronoun, isn’t it?

27.  ‍কোন Sentence-এ used to থাকলেAffirmative হলে didn’t বসে এবং Negative হলে did বসে। তারপর প্রদত্ত Sentence-এর অনুরূপ Subject বসে। তবে কখনও used to-এর to বসে না।

They used to play cricket, didn’t they?

28.  যদি Sentence-এ Subject হিসেবে one থাকে তবে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে he ব্যবহৃত হবে। 

One should do one’s duty, shouldn’t he?

29.  Statement এ Negative শব্দ (few, hardly, seldom, little, scarcely, rarely, never, nothing, nobody, none) থাকলে Tag-এ Affirmative Question হয়। যেমনঃ

It has hardly rained at this summer, has it?

Narration

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

Narration ২ প্রকার

1.Direct speech

2.Indirect speech

1. First Person পরিবর্তন হয় Subject অনুযায়ী।

যেমন:

Direct: Rafiq said to me,"I am a student."

Indirect:Rafiq said to me that he was a student.

2.Second Person পরিবর্তন হয় Object অনুযায়ী.

যেমন:

Direct: Rafiq said to me,"you are a student."

Indirect:Rafiq said to me that I was a student.

3.Third Person পরিবর্তন হয় না।

যেমন:

Direct: Rafiq said to me,"he is a student."

Indirect:Rafiq said to me that he was a student.

Tense in direct to Indirect❤️

Present Indefinite ➤Past Indefinite.

Present Continuous ➤Past Continuous.

Present Perfect➤Past Perfect.

Present Perfect Continuous➤Past Perfect Continuous.

Past Indefinite➤Past Perfect.

Past Continuous➤Past Perfect Continuous.

Verbs in direct to indirect

am/is➤was

are➤were

was/were➤had been

have/has➤had

V1(Present Form) ➤V2(Past Form)

V2(Past Form) ➤had+V3

did➤had+V3

shall/will➤would

can➤could

may➤might

must➤had to

Adverbs and words in direct to indirect ❤️

Now➤Then

This➤That

Today➤That day

These➤Those

To night➤That night

Here➤There

Tomorrow➤The next day

Ago➤Before

Yesterday➤The previous day

Come➤Go

Last night➤The previous night

Thus➤So

Next week➤The following week

Hither➤Thither

Sir/Madam➤respectfully

Yes/OK/Sure etc➤replied in the affirmative and said that

No➤replied in the negative and said that

Assertive Sentence❤️

গঠন: Subject+ told/said+ Object+ that+ Subject(RS)+ Verb(RS)+ বাকী অংশ।

Direct: Samira said to me, “I am reading a novel.”Indirect: Samira told me that she was reading a novel.

Interrogative Sentence ❤️

গঠন 01: 

Subject+ asked+ Object+ Wh-word+ Verb+ Subject(RS)+ Verb(RS)+ বাকী অংশ। [ Wh-word দ্বারা শুরু হলে।]

Direct: He said to his father, “What are you doing?”Indirect: He asked his father what he (f) was doing.

গঠন 02: 

Subject+ asked+ Object+ if+ Subject(RS)+ Verb(RS)+ বাকী অংশ। [ Auxiliary Verb  দ্বারা শুরু হলে]

Direct: Premul said to his sister, “Will you go to school?”Indirect: Premul asked his sister if she would go to school.

Imperative Sentence❤️

গঠন 01: Subject + ordered(আদেশ)/ advised(উপদেশ)/ forbade(নিষেধ)/ requested (অনুরোধ)+ Object+ to/not to+ Verb(RS)+ বাকী অংশ। [Main Verb দ্বারা শুরু হলে।]

Direct: The teacher said to the student, “Get out of the classroom.”Indirect: The teacher ordered the student to get out of the classroom.

গঠন 02: Subject+ proposed/suggested + Object + that+ Subject(RS) + should + Verb(RS)+ বাকি অংশ। [Let দ্বারা শুরু হলে।]

Direct: He said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”Indirect: He proposed to me that we should go out for a walk.

Optative Sentence❤️

গঠন: Subject + wished/prayed + that + Subject(RS) + may/might + Verb (RS) + বাকি অংশ।

Direct: Father said to me, “May you pass the examination.”Indirect: Father prayed that I might pass the examination.

Exclamatory Sentence❤️

গঠন: Subject + exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow + that + Subject(RS) + Verb(RS) + very/great( যদি How বা What দ্বারা শুরু হয়) + বাকী অংশ।

Direct: The students said, “Hurrah! Our team has won the game.”Indirect: The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.

Passage Narration এর নিয়ম

1. “Thank” যুক্ত বাক্যের পরিবর্তন

গঠন: Subject+ thanked+ Object.

Direct: Rahim said to Imran, “Thank you.”Indirect: Rahim thanked Imran.

2. Good-bye এর পরিবর্তন

গঠন: Subject+ bade+ Object+ good-bye.

Direct: He said to me, “Good-bye.”Indirect: He bade me good-bye.

3. Good morning/evening/night এর পরিবর্তন

গঠন: Subject+ wished+ Object+ good morning/evening/night ইত্যাদি।

Direct: He said to me, “Good morning.”Indirect: He wished me good morning.

4. সম্বোধন সূচক শব্দ থাকলে

গঠন: Addressing me/him/her/them as+ সম্বোধন সূচক শব্দ+ Sentence অনুয়াযী গঠন।

Direct: Rahim said, “Friends, I have read a book.”Indirect: Addressing them as friends, Rahim said that he had read a book.

একাধিক বাক্য একসাথে হলে

Assertive Sentence:

প্রথম বাক্যে – said/told

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে –  added that/also said that

তৃতীয় বাক্যে – further added that

Direct: Jamal said to Raihan, “You are very honest. I will trust you forever.”Indirect: Jamal said to Raihan that he(R) was very honest and added that he(K) would trust him(R) forever.

Interrogative Sentence:

প্রথম বাক্যে – asked

দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে – also asked

পুনরায় প্রশ্ন করলে – again asked

Direct: The teacher said to me, “What is your problem? Are you trying to solve the math?Indirect: The teacher asked me what my problem was. He(T) also asked if I was trying to solve the math.

6. By Allah/ By God এর পরিবর্তন

By Allah/ By God এর পরিবর্তে Swearing by Allah বসে

পরের অংশ Sentence অনুযায়ী হয়।

Direct: By Allah, he said to me, “He will do the work.”Indirect: Swearing by Allah, he told me that he would do the work.

7. চিরন্তন সত্য বাণী থাকলে Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Direct: He said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.”Indirect: He told me that honesty is the best policy.

Question No. 1: Rina said to Sima, “Why don’t you get up early from sleep?” Sima said, “It is tough for me to leave bed early.” “Alas! It is a bad habit,” said Rina, “If you leave bed early, you can enjoy sound health. Follow my advice.” [Dhaka, Sylhet Board-2020]

Answer: Rina asked Sima why she (S) did not get up early from sleep. Sima replied that it was tough for her to leave bed early.  Rina exclaimed with sorrow that it was a bad habit. She (R) added that if she (S) left bed early, she (S) could enjoy sound health. She (R) also ordered her (S) to follow her (R) advice.

Conjunction

Notes byReazul Razib

 A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses together in a sentence, and the main types of conjunctions are: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions; each serving a different purpose in connecting sentence elements and indicating relationships between ideas like addition, contrast, or cause and effect. 

Explanation of each type:

Coordinating Conjunctions:❤️

These connect equal grammatical elements like words, phrases, or clauses, and include "and," "but," "or," "yet," "so," "for," and "nor" (often remembered as "FANBOYS"). 

Correlative Conjunctions:❤️

These come in pairs to join equal elements in a sentence, such as "either...or," "neither...nor," "both...and," and "not only...but also"," so...that".

Subordinating Conjunctions:❤️

These introduce a dependent clause and create a relationship with an independent clause, including words like "because," "although," "while," "when," "if," "unless," and "until". 

Transformation of Sentence

 

Notes byReazul Razib

Transformation of Sentences

Affirmative to Negative:❤️

Rule 1:

Only বা alone এর পরিবর্তে উত্তর বাক্যের শুরুতে None but বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।

Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.Negative: None but he can play good cricket.Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.Affirmative: Only they can do the work.Negative: None but they can do the work.

Note: বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে nothing but বসে। তবে বয়সের ক্ষেত্রে বা সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে not more than বসে।

Affirmative: He is only four.Negative: He is not more than four.Affirmative: They have only two cars.Negative: They have not more than two cars.

Rule 2:

Affirmative sentence এ must থাকলে negative করার সময় must এর পরিবর্তে can not but/ can not help বসে। তবে can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।

Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.Affirmative: We must obey our parents.Negative: We can not but obey our parents.Affirmative: You must care them.Negative: You can not help caring them.

Rule 3:

Every কে Negative করতে হলে Every এর পরিবর্তে There is no বসে + every এর পরের শব্দটি বসে + but + প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকী অংশ।

Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.

Rule 4:

As soon as যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে-

As soon as এর জায়গায় no sooner had বসবে + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর কর্তা বসে + সে Sentence এর মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + সে sentence বাকী অংশ বসে + than + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য বসে।

Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran away.Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he ran away.Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran away.

Rule 5:

Affirmative sentence কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত sentence এর Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়। এবং উক্ত Negative এর পূর্বে not বসাতে হয়। বাকী সব থিক থাকে।

Affirmative: He is a good man.Negative: He is not a bad man.Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.

Rule 6:

Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে Always এর পরিবর্তে never বসে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়।

Affirmative: He was always punctual.Negative: He was never late.Affirmative: I always tell truth.Negative: I never tell lie.

Rule 7:

Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

No other + superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + as + superlative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as him.Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.

Rule 8:

Than any other/than all other যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –

No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রদত্ত verb + so/as বসে + comparative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him.Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Bangladesh.Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.

Rule 9:

Than যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –

Than এর শেষের অংশ প্রথমে বসে + verb (tense ও person অনুযায়ী) + not + so/as + comparative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is stronger than you.Negative: You are not as/so strong as him.Affirmative: I am taller than you.Negative: You are not as tall as me.

Rule 10:

As....as যুক্ত positive degree কে Negative করতে হলে –

প্রথম as এর পরিবর্তে not less শেষ as এর পরিবর্তে than বসে।

Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.Affirmative: He is as good as you.Negative: He is not less good than you.

Rule 11:

Less...than যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

Less এর জায়গায় not as বসবে এবং than এর জায়গায় as বসবে।

Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.Affirmative: You are less good than he said.Negative: You are not as good as he said.

Rule 12:

Too.....to যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

Too এর জায়গায় so বসে + Too এর পরের adjective/adverb বসে + that বসে + পনুরায় subject বসে। + tense অনুযায়ী can not/could not + প্রদত্ত to এর পরের অংশ বসে।

Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work out.

Assertive to interrogative❤️

Rule 1:

অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় sentence টি যদি affirmative হয় তাহলে – Auxiliary verb + n’t + subject + বাকী + ?

Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t, ain’t হয়.

Assertive – He is in the school.Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?Assertive – You can do the work.Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?

Rule 2:

Auxiliary verb যুক্ত negative অর্থবোধক Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় negative উঠে যায়। এবং সাহায্যকারী verb প্রথমে বসে। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Assertive – He is not in the school.Interrogative – Is he in the school?Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?

Rule 3:

Auxiliary verb বিহীন Assertive sentence interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –

Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + subject + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

Assertive – He played good football.Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?Assertive – She likes ice-cream.Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?

Rule 4:

Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয় এবং nothing থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে আনতে হয়। শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Assertive – You never play football.Interrogative - Do you ever play football?Assertive – I have nothing to do?Interrogative – Have I anything to do?

Note – Assertive sentence এর subject এ যদি nothing থাকে তাহলে nothing এর জায়গায় what বসে।

Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.Interrogative – What can ruin him?

Rule 5:

Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় Everybody/ everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে + verb এর base form + verb এর পরের অংশ +?

Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?

Rule 6:

Nobody/none/no one interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় –

Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ + ?

Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?Assertive – No one can beat him.Interrogative – Who can beat him?

Exclamatory to assertive❤️

Rule 1:

Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে -

প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ।

Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!Assertive – It is a very nice flower.Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!Assertive – He is a very genius student.

Rule 2:

Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.

Rule 3:

If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত sentence কে Assertive করার নিয়ম –

Exclamatory – If I were a player!Assertive – I wish I were a player.Exclamatory – If I could fly!Assertive – I wish I could fly

.Rule 4:

প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী অংশ।

Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.Exclamatory – Had I been a king!Assertive – I wish I had been a king.

Rule 6:

প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Alas এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of sorrow that + alas এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.

Rule 7:

প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.

Rule 8:

প্রথমে Would that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!Assertive – I wish I could be a player.Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.

Rule 9:

প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –

Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অংশ।

Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.Assertive – I wish I were a poet.

Assertive to Exclamatory❤️

Rule 1:

প্রথমে what বা how বসে + adjective বসে + subject + verb + বাকী অংশ( যদি থাকে) + !

Note – adjective এর পূর্বে a থাকলে what a বসে এবং a না থাকলে how বসে.

Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!Assertive – The man is very honest.Exclamatory – How honest the man is!

Rule 2:

Assertive sentence এ wish থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় শুরুতে if/had বসে।

Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!Or, If I had the wings of a bird!

Assertive – I wish I were a king.Exclamatory – If I were a king!

Rule 3:

Assertive sentence এ wish/desire Exclamatory sentence করার সময় এর শুরুতে If, had, o that, oh that, ইত্যাদি বসে।

Assertive – I wish I were a player.Exclamatory – If I were a player!Assertive – I desire I were young again.Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.

Degree

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

Degree হল Adjective এর রূপভেদ। এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত। যথা-

Positive Degree

Comparative Degree

Superlative Degree

Positive Degree:

কোন sentence এ Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Positive Degree বলে।যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man.

Comparative Degree:

সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে।যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim.

Superlative Degree:

সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.

Change of Degrees:

Superlative Degree into Positive Degree

Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Rule 1:

No other + প্রদত্ত Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.

Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.Positive: No other player in the team is as small as Rony.Superlative: Sima is the best housewife.Positive: No other housewife is as good as Sima.

Rule 2:

all other, most other, many other, few other, very few, one of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রথমে very few + Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.

Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron.

Comparative into positive

Rule 1:

Than any other/all other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Comparative Degree এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in the class.Positive: No other boy in the class is as great as Kibria.Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.

Rule 2:

Than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Than এর পরের অংশ + verb + not + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony.Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.Comparative: He is stronger than I.Positive: I am not as strong as he.

Rule 3:

Than most other / than few other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.Comparative: The gold is most useful than most other metals.Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold.Comparative: A. K. Fazlul Haque was greater than most other politicians in Bangladesh.Positive: very few politicians in Bangladesh were as/so great as A. K. Fazlul Haque.

Rule 4:

No less/not less ……..than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No less/not less এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে এবং than এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.Positive: He is as intelligent as you.Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipa.Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipa.

Rule 5:

No sooner had ….than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No sooner had এর পরিবর্তে as soon as + subject + verb এর পরিবর্তে past form + than এর পূর্বের অংশ + than এর পরিবর্তে কমা বসে + বাকী অংশ।Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away

Superlative into comparative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than any other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।Superlative: He is the best player in the team.Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.

Note: All of থাকলে All of এর পরিবর্তে than all other বসে।

Superlative: He is the best of all men.Comparative: He is better than all other man.

Rule 2:

One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than most other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।Superlative: Kibria is one of the best players in the team.Comparative: Kibria is better than most other players in the team.Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world.Comparative: Canada is colder than most other countries in the world.

Positive into comparative

Rule 1:

No other যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + than any other + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।Positive: No other player in the team is as good as him.Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.Positive: No other country in the world is so/as cold as Canada.Comparative: Canada is colder than any other country in the world.

Rule 2:

Very few যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + than most other + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।Positive: Very few students are so good as Lablu.Comparative: Lablu is better than most other students.Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold.Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.

Rule 3:

As……as যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + not + positive degree এর comparative form + than + প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম subject।Positive: He is as good as his brotherComparative: His brother is not better than him.

Comparative into superlative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + the + Comparative এর superlative form + other এর পরের অংশ।Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.Superlative: He is the best player in the team.Note – other এর পর plural noun থাকলে superlative এর পরে of all বসে।Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys.

Rule 2:

Than most other/than few other যুক্ত Comparative কে Superlative এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Subject + verb + one of the + Comparative degree এর superlative form + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ।Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other countries in the world.Superlative: Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.Comparative: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh.Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.

Positive into superlative:

Rule 1:

No other যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + the + positive এর superlative form + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Raju.Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team.Positive: No other man man in the society is as good as him.Superlative: He is the best man in the society.

Rule 2:

Very few যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + one of the + positive এর superlative form + very few এর পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।

Positive: Very few people in the country are as good as Rakib

Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the country.

Note:

very few➤than most other+plural noun➤One of the

No other➤than any other+singular noun➤The best

Degree:

No ther>than any other>superlative. 

Very few>than most other>one of the+superlative adj

Note: 

than any other+singular noun

Than most other + plural noun

(Ex-1)

Positive degree:

"No other man was as strong as Hercules"

Comparative degree: 

"Hercules was stronger than any other man"

Superlative degree:

 "Hercules was the strongest man in the world"

(Ex-2)

Positive degree:

"Very few students in the class are as brilliant as Sohana" 

Comparative degree:

Sohan is more brilliant than most other students in the class.

Superlative degree :

"Sohana is one of the most brilliant students in the class"

. liitle > less>least

2.পরবর্তি অংশ বোঝাতে

Late>latter>last

3.পরবর্তী সময় বোঝাতে

late>later>latest

Voice

Notes by Reazul Razib

Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been done to it.

There are two types of voice:

Active voice.

Passive voice.

Active voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।

Structure:Subject + verb + object.

Example: I do the work.

Passive voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর passive voice হয়।

Structure:Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ subject.

Example: The work is done by me.

Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Rule 1:

a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রুপান্তর হয়।c) মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be verb হয়।

Rule 2:

Indefinite tense:

a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.b) Past indefinite – was, were.c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.

Continuous tense:

a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.b) Past Continuous – was being, were beingc) Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.

Perfect tense:

a) Present Perfect – has been, have been.b) Past Perfect- had been.c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.

Rules of Changing voice

Rule 3:

a) Present indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + am/is/are + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active – I play football.Passive- Football is played by me.Active- They eat rice.Passive- Rice is eaten by them.

b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I am playing football.Passive: football is being played by me.Active: He is eating rice.Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.

c) Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + have been/ has been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: He has eaten rice.Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.Active: I have played football.Passive: Football has been played by me.

d) Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + was/were + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object

Active: I ate rice.Passive: Rice was eaten by me.Active: They played football.Passive: Football were played by them.

e) Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + was being/were being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I was eating rice.Passive: Rice was being eaten by me.Active: They were catching fishes.Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.

f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + had been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I had eaten rice.Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.Active: We had dug the cannel.Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.

g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure: Object এর subject + shall be/will be + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I will eat rice.Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.Active: They will play football.Passive: Football will be played by them.

h) Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I will be eating rice.Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.Active: They will be playing football.Passive: Football will be being

i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + shall have been /will have been + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I will have eaten rice.Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.Active: They will have caught the fish.Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.

Rule 4:

May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to এর পরে be + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object.

Active: I may help you.

Passive: You may be helped by me.

Active: You must do the work.

Passive: The work must be done by you.

Active: We ought to obey our teachers.

Passive: Our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.

Active: We are going to open a shop.

Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us

Rules of changing voice : Page 2

Rule 5:

Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form

Active: Close the door.Passive: Let the door be closed.Active: Shut the window.Passive: Let the window be shut.

B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let not + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form

Active: Do not close the door.Passive: Let not the door be closed.Active: Do not shut the window.Passive: Let not the window be shut.

C) Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let + object এর subject + be + verb এর past participle form + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object.

Active: Let me play football.Passive: Let the football be played by me.Active: Let us sing a song.Passive: let a song be sung by us.Active: let him give the chance.Passive: let the chance be given by him.

D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Let not + object এর subject + ever be + verb এর past participle form

Active: Never tell a lie.Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.Active: Never do this.Passive: Let not this ever be done.

E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure: Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb এর পর যে object টি থাকে + be + verb এর past participle form + for + ব্যক্তিবাচক object

Active: Buy me a shirt.Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.Active: Give me a glass of water.Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.

Interrogative sentence

Rule 6:

Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

A) Structure:Interrogative sentence কে Assertive sentence এ রুপান্তর করে নিতে হবে + রুপান্তরিত Assertive sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করতে হবে + এবার রুপান্তরিত passive voice এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হবে + শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। Tense অনুসারে করতে হবে।

Example 1:Active: Have you eaten rice?Assertive: You have eaten rice.Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you.Passive এ রুপান্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?

Example 2:Active: Is he reading a book?Assertive: He is reading a book.Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him.Passive এ রুপান্তর: Is a book being read by him?

Example 3:Active: Did you play football?Assertive: You played football.Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.Passive এ রুপান্তর: Was football played by you?

B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + object এর subject + অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় + verb এর past participle form + ?.

Active: Who is playing football?Passive: BY whom is football being played?Active: Who will help me?Passive: By whom will I be helped?

C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Whom এর পরিবর্তে who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী

Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object +?

Active: Whom did you see on the road?Passive: Who was seen by you on the road?Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?

D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:What + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject এর object +?

Active: What do you want?Passive: What is wanted by you?

Rule 7:

Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + present participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর object.

Active: I saw him playing cricket.Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.Active: I took him for a friend.Passive: He was taken for a friend by me.

Rule 8:

Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal object কে subject এ রুপান্তর করলে ভাল) + verb এর past participle form + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।

Active: I gave him a flower. Passive: He was given a flower by me. Active: He teaches us math. Passive: we are taught English by him.

Rule 9:

Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice পরিবর্তন হয়।

Active: I know that he did the work.Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.Active: He told me that he had done the work.Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.

Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is said দিয়ে passive voice করাই ভাল।

Active: People say that the lion is the king of forest.Passive: It is said that the lion is the king of forest.

Rule 10:

Intransitive verb যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না। তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –

Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + প্রদত্ত preposition + by + subject টির object।

Active: The truck run over the boy.Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.Active: They looked at the poor man.Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.

Rule 11:

Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive voice এর subject হিসেবে হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + Reflexive object বসবে।

Active: He hanged himself.Passive: He was hanged by himself.Active: You killed yourself.Passive: You were killed by yourself.

Rule 12:

Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object/Complementary object বলে।

Structure:নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her) object টি subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + Factitive object + by + subject এর object।

Active: They made me captain.Passive: I was made captain by them.Active: We call him liar.Passive: He is called liar by us.

Rule 13:

Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে।

Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + by + subject টির object।

Active: He caught a fish.Passive: A fish was caught by him.Active: You ran a race.Passive: A race was run by you.

Rule 14:

Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle form.

Active: He wants someone to take camera.Passive: He wants camera to be taken.Active: He wants you to write a letter.Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.

Rule 15:

Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + gerund এর পরের object টি + should be + প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে verb এর past participle form বসে।

Active: He suggested giving up smoking.Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.Active: He wanted playing football.Passive: He wanted that football should be played.

Rule 16:

Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive + object object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + infinitive এর পরের + object + should be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle form.

Active: He decided to buy the house.Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.Active: You agreed to sell the house.Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.

Rule 17:

One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-

Structure:Object এর subject + should be + verb এর past participle form

Active: One should take care of one’s education.Passive: Education should be taken care of.Active: One should tell the truth.Passive: Truth should be told.

Sentence

 

Notes by  Reazul Razib

A Sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea or thought.

A sentence has a subject and a predicate.

Sentence are syntactically  and sementically two types.

1.Syntactical sentence

Simple, compound and complex.

2.Sementical sentence

Asserstive,Interrogative,Imperative,Optative and Exclamatory.

Syntactical sentence❤️

a)Simple sentence

It has only one finite verb

b)Compound sentence

It has two clauses and every clause is independent and connected with conjunctions FANBOYS

for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so,however,moreover,therefore,otherwise,not only....but also,Both......and,either.....or,neither....nor,or else.

c)Complex sentece

It has two clauses;one is dependent/subordinate and the other one is independent/principal.

Subordinate clauses are

i)Nominative/noun/appositive clause

ii)Relative/adjective clause

iii)Adverbial clause

Clauses are connected with conjunctions ;

What,which,why,how,when,where,whereas,while, if,if,though,although,till,untill,unless.

Note:🌺

Simple➤comp➤complex

Without > or>if

By > and> after

2.Sementical sentence❤️

a)assertive sentence (বিবৃতি মূলক)🌺

Sub+verb+object+extension+full stop.

b)Interrogative sentence (প্রশ্ন মূলক)🌺

i) W/H words+auxiliary verb+sub+main verb+obj+extension+?

ii)Auxiliary verb+sub+main verb+obj+extension+?

iii)Who+verb+obj+extension+?

c)Imperative sentence (আদেশ সূচক)🌺

i)Verb+obj+ex+full stop.

ii)Let+indirect obj+verb+direct object+ex+full stop.

d)Optative sentence ( দোয়া প্রার্থনা মূলক)🌺

May/wish+sub+verb+obj+ex+full stop.

e)Exclamatory sentence (বিশ্ময় সূচক) 🌺

i)How+adjective+sub+be verb+!

ii)what+a/an+adj+noun+sub+be verb+!

Finite Verb

 Notes by Reazul Razib

There are two type of finite verbs

1)Principal/Lexical verb

2)Auxiliary/Helping verb

1.Principal verb are tow types❤️

i)Transitive

Verbs that have no object.

ii)Intransitive 

Verbs that have objects

a)Mono transitive (a single object)

b)Ditransitive 

A ditransitive verb has a direct object(impersonal noun) and an indirect object (personal noun/pronoun)

More classification of lexical verbs.

1.State verb vs Action verb ❇️

state verb" describes a state of being, thought, or perception, while an "action verb" describes a physical action.

🌺State verb examples: "know," "believe," "love," "hate," "own," "understand," "seem," "appear" 

Generally cannot be used in continuous tenses (e.g., "I am knowing" is incorrect) 

 🌺Action verb examples: "run," "walk," "eat," "sleep," "jump," "talk," "write" 

It could be used in a continuous tense.

E.G. I'm running

2.Eragative verbs❇️

Verbs that have both transitive and intransitive forms.

I closed the door.

The door closed

3.Causative verb❇️

Verbs that used to cause someone to do something.

Causative verbs are

let, allow, permit, make, force, require, get, have, help, and keep.

I will make you wash my shoes.

4.Factative verb❇️

A factitive verb is a verb that indicates an action that results in a change or creation.

For example, "paint" and "make" are factitive verbs in the sentences "I painted it red" and "They made her captain". 

Examples of factitive verbs: 

elect, appoint, choose, deem, assign, name, select, judge, designate, and nominate.

Note: Factitive verbs have direct objects and object complements. 

5.Linking/Copulative verb✳️

A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject of a sentence to more information about it.

Linking verbs do not show action, but rather describe the subject as a complement.

Examples of linking verbs: 

Be verb: "She is intelligent"

Seem: "He seems confident"

Become: "She became a doctor"

Look: "He looks tired"

Feel: "I feel happy"

Sound: "The music sounds soothing"

Remain: "He remains calm under pressure"

Grow: "The plants grow quickly in the sunlight".

6.Cognate verb❇️

A cognate verb is a verb that uses its noun form as an object. The noun form is called a cognate object.

He dreamt a dream.

He slept a sound sleep

2.Auxiliary verb❤️

Verbs that help lexical verbs in sentence.

A)Primary Auxiliary

i)Have verb

Have/has/had

i)Do verb

Do/does/did

iii)Be verb

Am,is,are,was,were,shall be,will be,etc

B)Modal Auxiliary

Shall,should,will,would,can,could,may,might,ought to,have to,has to,need to,dare to,be going to,had better,needn't,daren't.

Note: dare/need+not=modal verb

Adverb

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

1 Adverbs Of Manner

Adverbs of manner are words that describe how an action is performed. They provide more information about the way something happens, adding details to verbs. 

Eg. Sheila sang beautifully during the concert, mesmerizing the audience with her melodious voice.

2 Adverbs Of Time

Adverbs of time are words or phrases that provide information about when an action takes place. They indicate specific points in time or time intervals in relation to the action being described. These adverbs help establish the timing of events and actions in a sentence, providing context and helping readers understand the temporal aspect of the narrative.

Eg. She will arrive shortly to pick up the package.

3 Adverbs Of Place

Adverbs of place are words or phrases that provide information about the location or position of an action or event. They help to describe where the action is happening, whether it's indoors, outdoors, nearby, far away, or in a specific direction. 

Eg. She looked everywhere for her lost keys.

4 Adverbs Of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are words or phrases that provide information about how often an action or event takes place. They convey the regularity or repetition of an action, whether it occurs frequently, occasionally, rarely, always, or never.

Eg. She exercises daily to maintain her fitness.

5 Adverbs Of Degree

Adverbs of degree express the intensity, extent, or level of an action, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. They modify these elements to convey how much or to what degree something is happening or is true. 

Eg. She was extremely delighted with the surprise party.

6 Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs are transitional words or phrases that connect and relate ideas within sentences or between sentences. They act as bridges, helping to clarify relationships like cause-and-effect, contrast, comparison, or sequence. They're often used to create smoother transitions and provide context for the reader to understand how different ideas connect.

Eg. She wanted to go to the party; however, she was feeling unwell.

7 Focusing Adverbs

Focusing adverbs are words that emphasise or highlight a specific part of a sentence, drawing attention to a particular aspect. They provide added emphasis, often narrowing down or intensifying the meaning of the verb, adjective, or adverb they modify.

Eg. She specifically asked for a vegan option at the restaurant.

8 Interrogative Adverbs

Interrogative adverbs are like question starters in sentences. They introduce questions that seek information about different aspects of an action or event. They help clarify the context of a question by indicating what specific detail is being inquired about.

Eg. Where did you find that rare book?

Relative Adverbs

Relative adverbs are words that connect a main clause to a dependent (or relative) clause. They provide additional information about the nouns in the main clause, clarifying aspects like place, time, reason, or manner.

Eg. I visited the park where we used to play as children.

Note: It is not an adverbial clause because it(where) modifies the noun (the park) not verb (visited)

Adjective

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

1.Types of adjective❤️

A)Descriptive adjectives 

Describe or express the quality of a noun or pronoun

B)Interrogative adjectives 

Modify a noun or pronoun by asking a question

Examples include "what", "which", and "whose"

C)Demonstrative adjectives 

Identify a noun or pronoun by expressing its position as near or far

D)Possessive adjectives 

Show ownership or possession

Examples include "my", "your", "his", "her", "our", "their", and "its"

E)Proper adjectives 

Derived from a proper noun and are therefore capitalized

Examples include words for nationalities

F)Compound adjectives 

Two or more adjectives that work together as one to modify a noun or pronoun

Examples include "soft-spoken" and "well-known"

G)Numeral adjectives 

Give us the idea about how many persons or things are meant, or in what order the noun stands

H)Superlative adjectives 

Indicate different degrees or levels of a quality or characteristic

2.Order of adjective❤️

In English, the order of adjectives is usually determined by the order of DOSA-SCOMP: 

D: Determiner

O: Opinion

S: Size

A: Age

S: Shape

C: Color

O: Origin

M: Material

P: Purpose

Examples 

"My favorite big old square white French cotton gardening hat"

"A beautiful, mysterious song"

Pronoun

 Notes by Reazul Razib

1.Personal/impersonal pronoun

E.g I,you,we,he,she,they, (it)

2.Demonstrative pronoun

E.g That,Those,this,these,such

3.Distributive Pronoun

E.g Each,either,neither

4.Interrogative pronoun

E.g what, which, who, whom, and whose

5.Indefinite Pronoun

E.g Anyone,Everyone,Any,Each,Nobody,Both,Either,None,One,Another,Anything,Few,Someone,Many,Some

6.Intensive/Emphatic Pronoun

E.G Myself,herself,yourself

I did it myself

7.Possessive Pronoun

Mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its,Rahims's

8.Relative Pronoun

E.g which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and 

9.Reflexive Pronoun

E.gMyself,herself,himself,yourself

He killed himself

10.Reciprocal Pronoun

E.g One another,each other

Sub➤obj➤poss. Adj➤poss. Pro➤reflexive.

I-me-my-mine-myself

You-you-your-yours-yoursefYou-you-your-yours-yoursef/yourselves

Thou-thee-thy-thine-thyself

She-her-her-hers-herself

He-him-his-his -himself

It-it-its-its-itself

One-one-one's-one's-oneself

Karim-Karim-Karim's-Karim's-Karim

Who-whom-whose-whose-whom

Structure:

Sub+verb+obj

Possessive Adjective+noun/gerund

Cases

Notes by Reazul Razib

Case is determined by the syntactic or semantic function of a noun or pronoun. 

There are four types of case.

1.Nominative/subjective case

Ex: Rahim,Rahima,I,you,we,they,she,it.

2.Objective case

a)Accusative/direct object 

(impersonal noun)

Ex:The book,footbal,the pen

b)Dative/indirect object

(personal pronoun)

Ex:Rahim,Rahima,me,you,us,them,him,

her,it.

3.Genitive/Possessive case

a)Possessive adjective

Ex:My,your,our,their,her,his,its,Rahim's.

b)Possessive pronoun

Ex: Mine,yours,hers,his,its,Rahim's

4.Vocative case

Rahim,come here.

Noun

 

Notes by Reazul Razib

There are five types of nouns.

4 are concrete nouns (appearable/দৃশ্যমান)

1.Proper noun ➤ নির্দিষ্টতা

(Dhaka,September,January,Rahim)

2.Common noun➤জাত

 (girls,boys,city,country)

3.Collective noun ➤ সমষ্টি

(Police,army)

4.Material noun ➤ উপাদান

 (wood,iron)

1 is abstract noun ➤ অদৃশ্য

(Anger,love,hate)

Among these 2 nouns are uncountable;

(গননা করা যায় না)

1.Material noun

2.Abstract noun

1.Proper noun❤️

Note1:Cardinal number doesn't take article but ordinal number does.

Ex:Rabindra was born in 1861.

Rabindra is the 4th child of his parents.

Note2: Usually a proper noun doesn't take an article but some nouns take definite article.

Ex:

The Suez Canal(canal),

The netherlands(country),

The Titanic(Ship),

The Padma(river),

The Daily Star(newspaper),

The Himalays(mountain),

The Rajshahi Express(vehicle),

The west(way),

The west Indies/The Phillipines(Island),

The Sahara(desert),

The Atlantic(ocean).

Note3: To specify a thing of somewhere,article is used and both noun should start with capital letter.

Ex:

The Dhaka univerity❌

 Dhaka University✅

The University of Dhaka✅

Note: To say a unknown name, a/an/one/some could be used to mean ➤(জনৈক)

Ex:Some Rahim came.

An Omar is rarely born.

Note4:Definite article may be used to convert a proper noun to a common noun.

Ex.Nazrul is the PB Shelley of BD.

2.Common noun❤️

Noun that refers to a specific racial people or things.

Ex: 

I like mango❌

I like mangoes/a mango✅

Cow lives on grass❌

A/the cow lives on grass✅

Cows live on grass✅

Note 1: When a common noun refers to a certain area then it could be plural 

(The+plural noun+of+area)

Ex: The cows of Australia are healthy.

Note 2: Food related common noun could be a material noun.

Ex:Mango is my favourite food.

Note 3: The+adjective=plural common noun.

Ex: The rich are not always happy.

Note 4: man and woman as singular nouns without article means whole kind.

Ex: 

Man is mortal.

Woman is man's mate.

Note 5: Abstrac noun as a common plural noun.

Ex:I faced many difficulties in the past.

Note 6: Material noun as plural common noun.

Ex:He was put in irons.

3.Collective noun❤️

Usually collective nouns take singular verb but some nouns take plural verb.

If verb takes singular,pronoun should singular and plural verb for plural pronoun.

Note 1:Nouns that considered plural;

Police,cattle,poultry,gentry,peasantry,vermin,aristocracy,people,mob.

Note 2: 

a)when a noun refers to unity,takes singular verb.

Ex 

The jury is at one in its opinion.

b)But when refers to division,takes plural verb.(noun of multitude)

Ex.

The jury are divided in their opinions.

Note 3: Some determiners are used to make collective nouns.

Ex: a flock of birds,a bar of chocolat,a basket of oranges,a herd of cows,a shoal of fish,a pile of apples,cars,a board of directors,a pack of wolves,a batch of students,a grove of trees,a clump of bamboos,a cluster of words,a brood of chickens.

a wad of cash,a heap of clothes,a stack of glasses,a queue of cars,

4.Material/Mass noun❤️

Nouns that refers to element or substance and they are uncountable singular noun.

Example: Gold,wood,mutton,paper,chalk,poultry,water,etc.

Note 1:Material nouns are  singular noun but we can use some determiners to make them plural.

Ex: Two pieces of chalk

Note 2: To specify a thing, definite article could be used. 

Ex: The water of the class is pure.

Note 3:Material nouns can be plural using s/es but meaning is different.

Ex:

Paper(কাগজ)=papers(নথি)

Wood(কাঠ)=woods(বন)

water(পানি)=waters(জলাশয়)

Iron(লোহা)=Irons(শিকক)

Sand(বালু)=Sands(মরুভূমি)

Air(বাতাস)=airs(গর্বিত ভাব)

He is a man of airs.

5.Abstract noun❤️

Nouns that refers to quality,action or state of a thing.Abstrac nouns are two types ;countable and uncountable.

Example: English(language),baseball(recreation),swimming(activity),weather(nature)

Note 1: countable abstract nouns;

Singular form refers to abstrac noun and plural form refers to common noun.

Ex:

Arrival-arrivals

Difficult - Difficulties

Note 2: Uncountable abstract nouns are always singular.

Ex:

Information,advice,love,ect

Note 3: Using definite article, a common noun could be converted to  an abstract noun.

Ex:

a)The mother rose in her.

The mother=motherhood.

b)The fox in him surprised me.

The fox=behavior like the fox

⚠️ Important note: Using s/es,article and determiners, any type of nouns could be converted to a common plural noun.

Ex: There are several (committees) in our school.

The (armies) of the (allies) have been defeated.